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Self-actualisation is a term that has been used in various psychology theories, often in slightly different ways (e.g., Goldstein, Maslow, Rogers). The term was originally introduced by the organismic theorist Kurt Goldstein for the motive to realise all of one's potentialities. In his view, it is the master motive—indeed, the only real motive a person has, all others being merely manifestations of it. However, the concept was brought to prominence in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory as the final level of psychological development that can be achieved when all basic and mental needs are fulfilled and the "actualisation" of the full personal potential takes place.

[edit]Self-actualisation in Goldstein's Theory

According to Kurt Goldstein's book The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology Derived from Pathological Data in Man, self-actualization is "the tendency to actualise, as much as possible, [the organism's] individual capacities" in the world. The tendency to self-actualisation is "the only drive by which the life of an organism is determined."^[1] Goldstein defined self-actualization as a driving life force that will ultimately lead to maximizing one's abilities and determine the path of one's life; compare will to power.

[edit]Self-actualisation and Maslow's Hierarchy

The term was later used by Abraham Maslow in his article, A Theory of Human Motivation. Maslow explicitly defines self-actualisation to be "the desire for self-fulfillment, namely the tendency for him [the individual] to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming."^[2] Maslow used the term self-actualisation to describe a desire, not a driving force, that could lead to realizing one's capabilities. Maslow did not feel that self-actualization determined one's life; rather, he felt that it gave the individual a desire, or motivation to achieve budding ambitions.^[3] Maslow's usage of the term is now popular in modern psychology when discussing personality from the humanistic approach.

A basic definition from a typical college text book defines self-actualization according to Maslow simply as "the full realisation of one's potential" without any mention of antiquated Goldstein.^[3]

A more explicit definition of self-actualisation according to Maslow is "intrinsic growth of what is already in the organism, or more accurately of what is the organism itself...self-actualization is growth-motivated rather than deficiency-motivated."^[4] This explanation emphasises the fact that self-actualization can not normally be reached until other lower order necessities of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are satisfied. While Goldstein defined self-actualisation as a driving force, Maslow uses the term to describe personal growth that takes place once lower order needs have been met.

People that have reached self-actualisation are characterised by certain behaviors. Common traits amongst people that have reached self-actualisation are as follows: ^[5]

• They embrace reality and facts rather than denying truth.
• They are spontaneous.
• They are interested in solving problems.
• They are accepting of themselves and also others and lack prejudice.

For Goldstein it was a motive and for Maslow it was a level of development; for both, however, roughly the same kinds of qualities were expressed: independence, autonomy, a tendency to form few but deep friendships, a "philosophical" sense of humor, a tendency to resist outside pressures and a general transcendence of the environment rather than a simple "coping" with it.^[6]

[edit]Self Actualisation in Psychology

Self actualization resides at the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and is considered a part of the humanistic approach to personality. The humanistic approach is one of several methods used in psychology for studying, understanding, and evaluating personality. The humanistic approach was developed because other approaches, such as the psychodynamic approach made famous by Sigmund Freud, focused on unhealthy individuals that exhibited disturbed behavior.^[3]

The humanistic approach focuses on healthy, motivated people and tries to determine how they define the self while maximizing their potential.^[3]

Stemming from this branch of psychology is Maslow's hierarchy of needs. According to Maslow, people have lower order needs that in general must be fulfilled before high order needs can be satisfied. As a person moves up Maslow's hierarchy of needs, eventually they will reach the summit—self actualization.^[3] Maslow's hierarchy of needs begins with the most basic necessities deemed "the physiological needs" in which the individual will seek out items like food and water, and must be able to perform basic functions such as breathing and sleeping.^[7] Once these needs have been met, a person can move on to fulfilling the "the safety needs", where they will attempt to obtain a sense of security, physical comforts and shelter, employment, and property.^[8] The next level is "the belongingness and love needs", where people will strive for social acceptance, affiliations, a sense of belongingness and being welcome, sexual intimacy, and perhaps a family.^[9] Next are "the esteem needs", where the individual will desire a sense of competence, recognition of achievement by peers, and respect from others.^[10] Some argue that once these needs are met, an individual is primed for self actualization. Others argue that there are two more phases an individual must progress through before self actualization can take place. These include "the cognitive needs", where a person will desire knowledge and an understanding of the world around them, and "the aesthetic needs" which include a need for "symmetry, order, and beauty".^[3] Once all these needs have been satisfied, the final stage of Maslow's hierarchy—self actualization—can take place.^[11]

[edit]See also

• Nirvana
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs
• Humanism

Psychology portal

• Perfectionism (philosophy)

[edit]Notes

1. ^ Goldstein 1995
2. ^ Maslow, 2006 Theories of Human Motivation
3. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gleitman and Reisberg
4. ^ Maslow 1987
5. ^ Gleitman and Reisberg 2004 and Maslow, 1969
6. ^ Reber
7. ^ Gleitman and Reisberg 2004 and Maslow 1969
8. ^ Gleitman and Reisberg 2004 and Maslow 1969
9. ^ Gleitman and Reisberg 2004 and Maslow 1969
10. ^ Gleitman and Reisberg 2004 and Maslow 1969
11. ^ Gleitman and Reisberg 2004 and Maslow 1969

[edit]References

Dolphin.